ARALIACEAE

(Ginseng or Aralia or Ivy family)

This family of some 700 species in 55 genera consists mostly of trees and shrubs, but includes some twiners. Most species occur in tropical regions, particularly in Indomalaysia and tropical America. Other species are native to temperate regions, and some species have become widely distributed by horticulture and as houseplants.

A characteristic of the family is the presence of resin passages which produce an aromatic smell when crushed (Corner 1952).

Perhaps the best known temperate species is Hedera helix L., the ivy. The ritual use of ivy as the archetypal evergreen, and its popularity as a decorative covering for walls and fences and as a houseplant, brings it into unusually close contact with man.

The root of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. is the Korean or Oriental ginseng of commerce. It is also known as Ren Shen or as Radix Panacis Gingeng. Preparations of the root are widely used as a herbal remedy for their reputed tonic and adaptogenic properties (Dixon 1976). Several other types of ginseng are derived from members of the Araliaceae, and also from totally unrelated families (Nadkarni 1976, Lui & Staba 1980):

Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim. — yields Siberian ginseng

Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. — yields Korean or oriental ginseng

Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen — yields sanchi ginseng

Panax japonicus C.A.Mey. — yields Japanese ginseng

Panax quinquefolius L. — yields American ginseng

Panax trifolius L. — yields groundnut ginseng

Rumex hymenosepalus Torr., fam. Polygonaceae — yields wild American red ginseng

Withania somnifera Dunal, fam. Solanaceae — yields Indian ginseng or ashwaganda 

Allergic dermatitis following contact with species of Hedera L., Polyscias J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Schefflera J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., and other genera has been reported, as has cross-sensitivity between genera. In addition, many species bear spines.

Aralia spinosa L.

American Angelica Tree, Hercules' Club, Devil's Walking Stick, Aralie Épineuse, Herkuleskeule

The green bark irritates the hands of those collecting it (Cheney 1887). As indicated by the specific epithet, the plant is armed with stout prickles.

Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim.

[syns Acanthopanax senticosus Harms, Hedera senticosa Rupr. & Maxim.]

Touch Me Not, Devil's Shrub, Siberian Ginseng

The plant is thorny (Brekhman 1968).

Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus S.Y.Hu

[syns Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Seem., Panax sessiliflorus Rupr. & Maxim.]

This species, in common with most others in the genus, is armed with prickles.

Sesamin, an allergenic principle found in sesame seed oil (Sesamum indicum L., fam. Pedaliaceae), has been isolated from the root bark of this plant (Elyakova et al. 1966, Yook et al. 1977).

Hedera algeriensis Hibberd

[syns Hedera canariensis Willd., Hedera helix L. var. canariensis DC.]

Algerian Ivy, Canaries Ivy, Canary Island Ivy

This ivy is tender in Britain, needing protection in winter, and is grown mainly as a house plant. In many parts of America and in southern Europe it grows freely in the open. Varieties and cultivars of this species are also known.

A substance causing dermatitis is present in the sap (Dorsey 1957) and is probably an allergic sensitiser. It is released only when the leaves or stems are bruised, and is present in an aqueous extract of the plant. Dermatitis is usually acquired in the process of cutting back the exuberant growth in the spring. It is commonly confined to exposed skin, and may be diffusely eczematous or in linear, often vesicular patterns (Dorsey 1959). If this plant is the cause of a skin eruption, reaction to a patch test with juice from crushed leaves will occur within 48 hours (Dorsey 1959, Dorsey 1962).

A male aged 27 years developed bullous dermatitis of the fingers, hands, forearm, neck, and face after clearing the variegated form of this ivy from his garden. Patch tests to the leaf produced a 3+ reaction (Calnan 1981).

Contact dermatitis from this ivy is rare in Britain (Calnan 1981, Hambly & Wilkinson 1978), quite common in Australia (Burry, J.N., personal communication to Calnan 1981), and reported from California (Dorsey 1957, Dorsey 1959), Southern Transvaal (Whiting 1971), Denmark (Roed-Petersen 1975), and Canada (Mitchell 1981). Roed-Petersen (1975) found three positive reactions among 138 control patients. In the case described by Hambly & Wilkinson (1978), patch test reactions were positive to Chrysanthemum L. as well as to Hedera canariensis.

Hedera helix L.

Common Ivy, English Ivy

Clipping or just handling the plant may result in a skin rash and even blistering and inflammation (Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). This common European ivy has long been recognised as a cause of dermatitis (Zinsser 1909, Gutteling 1922, Rynes 1949, Roed-Petersen 1975). Patients allergic to Hedera canariensis also react to H. helix. The clinical features of the dermatitis as described in case reports (Cleland 1925, Muenscher 1939) suggest that allergic sensitisation may occur. Indeed, the lesions may be linear and vesicular as in poison ivy (Toxicodendron Mill. spp., fam. Anacardiaceae) dermatitis (Goldman et al. 1956, Aplin 1966). Other similar cases have been reported by Thibierge (1909) and by Burry (1969).

An extract of the leaves, when used as a corn cure for the feet, caused dermatitis in a patient who later developed a recurrence after handling wet leaves (Munro 1900). Rothe (1968) described a gardener in a cemetery who developed eczema of the hands and forearms. A patch tests to the leaf of this ivy produced a positive reaction.

In addition to the case reports already mentioned, Maiden (1909b), Maiden (1911) and Allen (1943) state that this ivy causes dermatitis only in some people. One of the authors (A.J.R.) has encountered four cases of dermatitis apparently attributable to this ivy, the clinical appearances of which were those of an irritant dermatitis. Patch tests with fragments of bruised leaf were positive only in one patient, but also positive in 3 of 10 control subjects. Highman (1924) obtained a negative patch test reaction with a leaf, but a positive reaction to an alcoholic extract of the leaves which produced no reaction in two controls. Whiting (1971) notes that H. helix has low sensitising potential.

One of four patients who were contact sensitive to this ivy was also contact sensitive to extracts of some Compositae species and to alantolactone derived from Inula helenium L. (Roed-Petersen 1975).

Several varieties of this ivy growing in Egypt have been found to contain the alkaloid emetine (Mahran et al. 1975). Emetine may produce intense skin reactions in sensitised persons (see Cephaelis ipecacuanha A.Rich., fam. Rubiaceae). The leaves and berries also contain saponins based on hederagenin. On ingestion, vomiting, diarrhoea, and nervous depression may be caused though the symptoms are considered serious only in small children (Lewis & Elvin-Lewis 1977, North 1967). A scarlatiniform eruption in a 3.5-year old boy, seemingly produced by ingested ivy leaves, has been described by Turton (1925).

Heptapleurum leucanthum (R.Vig.) Y.F.Deng

[syns Schefflera kwangsiensis Merr. ex H.L.Li, Schefflera leucantha R.Vig., Schefflera tamdaoensis Grushv. & Skvortsova, Schefflera tenuis H.L.Li]

Umbrella Tree

An acute vesiculo-bullous eruption on the back of the hands, arms, and neck from Schefflera kwangsiensis in a 48-year old male after contact with the plant when gardening was reported by Calnan (1981). A patch test with the leaf was positive at 96 hours but not at 48 hours.

Hydrocotyle Tourn. ex L.

This is a genus of about 200 species of creeping perennial herbs of cosmopolitan distribution (Mabberley 2008). Hydrocotyle species have close similarities with Centella L. species (fam. Umbelliferae) and have previously been classified by some authorities in a distinct family, namely the Hydrocotylaceae (Willis 1973).

Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.

[syns Hydrocotyle nepalensis Hook., Hydrocotyle polycephala Wight & Arn.]

Perry & Metzger (1980) noted that the sap, if brought into contact with the eyelids causes conjunctivitis.

According Sheh et al. (2005) in the Flora of China, 14 species of Hydrocotyle L. are to be found in China. Hydrocotyle javanica is not included amongst these 14 species. However, Hydrocotyle nepalensis is included, this being described as "part of the highly variable complex of Hydrocotyle javanica Thunberg, which extends from Nepal east to Japan and south through Indonesia into Australia." These authors add that "[the] classification [of this species] is in need of revision across its whole geographic range."

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.

[syns Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb., Hydrocotyle splendens Blume]

Lawn Marshpennywort

In China, Taiwan and Japan, the macerated plant may be applied as a poultice to bruises or as a styptic to cuts or wounds, especially leech-wounds. A decoction may also be used as a wash for itch. On the Malay Peninsula, the plant is used to treat some skin diseases (Perry & Metzger 1980).

Hydrocotyle umbellata L.

[syn. Hydrocotyle quinqueradiata Thouars ex DC.]

Manyflower Marshpennywort

In a survey of Columbian medicinal plants, Lopez et al. (2001) noted that this plant (which is known locally as chupana) mixed with animal fat will "suck the infections out of the skin".

Kalopanax septemlobus Koidz. var. septemlobus

[syns Acanthopanax ricinifolius Seem., Panax ricinifolius Siebold & Zucc., Kalopanax ricinifolius Miq.]

Castor Aralia, Prickly Castor Oil Tree

Stuart (1911), referring to Acanthopanax ricinifolium, notes that the bark and leaves of this thorny tree are recommended for insecticidal purposes and for the treatment of skin disease and all sorts of ulcers and infected sores.

Oplopanax elatus Nakai

[syn. Echinopanax elatus Nakai]

Japanese Devil's-Club

Lopatin & Kolesnikova (1974) reported dermatitis caused by extracts of this species. Ingestion of an infusion of the plant caused toxicoderma (one case) and urticaria (two cases).

Oplopanax horridus Miq.

[syns Echinopanax horridus Decne. & Planch. ex Harms, Fatsia horrida Hemsl.]

Devil's Club

The stems, petioles, and leaf veins are covered with numerous thin, sharp spines which can inflict painful wounds to those who touch them (Turner 1979). The spines were thought by the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia to be poisonous (Turner & Bell 1973).

Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.

[syns Aralia ginseng Baill., Panax verus Oken]

Ginseng

The root of this species is the Korean ginseng of commerce. In addition to saponins which are thought to be the main pharmacologically active principles, the root contains small amounts of oestrogenic substances which has been reported to cause painful and swollen breasts. Other substances have also been packaged and sold as ginseng, including mandrake root (Mandragora officinarum L., fam. Solanaceae) containing scopolamine, and snakeroot (Rauvolfia L. species, fam. Apocynaceae) containing reserpine (Anon 1979).

Ginseng farmers developed dermatitis from the fungicide dithane which is sprayed on ginseng crops against blight (Schorr 1979).

Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen

[syns Aralia quinquefolia var. notoginseng Burkill, Panax pseudoginseng var. notoginseng (Burkill) G.Hoo & C.J.Tseng]

Notoginseng, Yunnan Ginseng, Sanchi Ginseng

The root of this species provides the traditional Chinese medicine san qi (三七), known also as tian qi (田七), Radix Notoginseng, or Radix Pseudoginseng.

Radix Notoginseng (san qi) is the principal ingredient of a popular proprietary Chinese traditional medicine known variously as Yunnan Paiyao, Yunnan Baiyao, or Yin Nan Bai Yao. Although originally developed as a remedy for treating knife, sword and gun-shot injuries sustained in battle, it is now promoted also as a haemostat and anti-inflammatory agent for minor wounds. The product is available both for oral administration and for topical application.

Lee & Lam (1987) reported a case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by topically applied Yunnan Paiyao (云南白药). These authors could not ascertain the composition of the product from the manufacturer so were unable to perform patch tests aimed at determining the identity of the sensitiser in the product.

Baidu, a Chinese language online encyclopedia, includes a page on Yunnan Baiyao on which it is asserted that Yunnan Baiyao is a first-level protected product under the Law of the People's Republic of China, so its method of manufacture and formulation is top-secret. The original product formulation was conceived in 1902 and is manufactured by the Yunnan Baiyao Group Co Ltd. However, it is evident from online searches that products named Yunnan Baiyao are available from other manufacturers and distributors, some of which do declare the full composition of their product, others reveal only that san qi is the main ingredient, whilst others claim that their formula is a trade secret. Clearly, products named Yunnan Baiyao have to be regarded as being of uncertain composition. The following list of declared constituents is constructed from information provided on the internet by various manufacturers and distributors. It is evident from the YunnanBaiyao.co website that products from each individual manufacturer will contain only a selection of the ingredients included in the list below, and perhaps also one or more undeclared ingredients:

• Radix Notoginseng — Sanchi Ginseng — san qi (三七) or tian qi (田七) — Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen
• Radix or Rhizoma Dioscoreae Oppositae — Chinese Yam — shan yao (山药) or huai shan (淮山) or huai shan yao (淮山药) — Dioscorea batatas Decne. [syns Dioscorea oppositifolia L., Dioscorea opposita Thunb.], fam. Dioscoreaceae
• Radix or Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae — Japanese or Wild Yam — chuan shan long (穿山龙) — Dioscorea nipponica Makino, fam. Dioscoreaceae
• Radix or Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae — Hypoglauca Rhizome — Yam — bi xie (萆薢) — Dioscorea hypoglauca Palib., fam. Dioscoreaceae
• Radix or Rhizoma Dioscoreae Parviflora — Smallflower Yam — ku liang jiang (苦良姜) — Dioscorea parviflora C.T.Ting = Dioscorea sinoparviflora C.T.Ting, M.G.Gilbert & Turland, fam. Dioscoreaceae
• Herb of Clarke — san yu cao (散瘀草) — Boea clarkeana Hemsl. [syns Boea densihispidula S.B.Zhou & X.H.Guo, Streptocarpus clarkeanus Hilliard & B.L.Burtt], fam. Gesneriaceae. Alternative identities for san yu cao (散瘀草) are Ajuga forrestii Diels or Ajuga pantantha Hand.-Mazz., fam. Labiatae
• Herba Erodii seu Geranii — Sweet Geranium, Cranesbill — lao guan cao (老鹳草) or lao he cao (老鹤草) — Erodium stephanianum Willd., or Geranium wilfordii Maxim., or Geranium maculatum L., or Geranium nepalense Sweet, or Geranium sibiricum L., fam. Geraniaceae. Geranium thunbergii Siebold & Zucc. ex Lindl. & Paxton is also listed as an alternative
• Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinari or Rhizoma Galangae Minoris — Lesser Galangal — gao liang jiang (高良姜) — Alpinia officinarum Hance [syn. Languas officinarum Farw.], fam. Zingiberaceae
• Herba Inulae Cappa — Sheep Ear Inula — bai niu dan (白牛胆) — Inula cappa DC., fam. Compositae
• Complanatum — guo jiang long (過江龍) — Lycopodium complanatum L. = Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub, fam. Lycopodiaceae
• Pasta Acaciae — Catechu, Gambier — er cha (儿茶) — produced from Acacia catechu Willd., fam. Leguminosae
• Secretio Moschi Moschiferi — Musk — she xiang (麝香) — a secretion of Moschus moschiferus L., the musk deer, possibly replaced by synthetic Muscone (she xiang tong; 麝香酮)
• Fel Bovis — Ox-bile — bai niu dan (白牛胆)
• Borneol — Borneolum — bing pian (冰片) or long nao (龙脑) or Camphor — zhang nao (樟脑) 

Internet sources suggest that the original formulation includes aconite [Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix (or other species; see Liu et al. 2015) — cao wu; 草烏] and bear-bile [Fel Ursis — xiong dan; 熊胆], ingredients that would raise serious safety and quality control concerns at the Food and Drug Administration in the US, the European Medicines Agency in the EU, and in other jurisdictions. The controversy that surrounds the use of animal-derived products in unregulated medicines, and especially the use of bear-bile may be a reason why some manufacturers choose not to declare the full list of ingredients in their particular formulation of Yunnan Baiyao.

Polyscias balfouriana L.H.Bailey

[syn. Aralia balfouriana André]

Balfour Aralia, Balfour Polyscias

In southern Florida, where this and related species are loosely referred to as aralias, the plants are commonly cultivated as hedges and are a frequent cause of dermatitis, which may be provoked merely by brushing against the leaves. A more acute form may result from handling cuttings (Morton 1958, Morton 1971).

Polyscias guilfoylei L.H.Bailey

[syns Aralia guilfoylei W.Bull, Nothopanax guilfoylei Merr.]

Guilfoyle Polyscias, Geranium Leaf Aralia, Wild Coffee

Polyscias J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. species (known by their former name Nothopanax Miq.) are popular as hedge plants in Hawai‘i. In 30 years of practice there, Arnold (1972) had seen only 3 or 4 cases of dermatitis caused by them.

In southern Florida, where this and related species are loosely referred to as aralias, the plants are commonly cultivated as hedges and are a frequent cause of dermatitis, which may be provoked merely by brushing against the leaves. A more acute form may result from handling cuttings (Morton 1958, Morton 1971).

Schefflera actinophylla Harms

[syns Brassaia actinophylla Endl., Brassaia singaporensis Ridl.]

Australian Cabbagetree, Australian Ivy Palm, Octopus Tree, Queensland Umbrella Tree, Schefflera, Starleaf

Aplin (1976) noted that in Western Australia this species was suspected of having caused an irritating rash in a person who had handled the plant. In another case, a white female homemaker aged 33 years became sensitised by cutting back Hedera during the summer. The following winter she developed several attacks of acute vesicular dermatitis affecting the hands, wrists, forearms, and face subsequent to contact with Brassaia actinophylla grown as a houseplant. A patch test with lightly crushed leaf produced a strongly positive reaction, negative in three controls. Positive patch test reactions were also observed to some other species, namely Fatsia japonica Decne. & Planch., Hedera helix L., Polyscias fruticosa Harms, (syn. Panax fruticosum L.), and × Fatshedera Guillaumin, negative to Dizygotheca elegantissima R.Vig. & Guillaumin (syn. Aralia elegantissima Veitch) (Mitchell 1981).

Hammershøy (1981) describes a case of a 35 year old female nursery worker who developed dermatitis of the hands and forearms two weeks after starting work with Schefflera J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. species. Patch tests to Schefflera actinophylla and Schefflera arboricola Hayata (syn. Heptapleurum arboricola Hayata) leaf, stem, and ether extracts (1% in petrolatum) were positive; ten controls were negative.

Schefflera arboricola Merr.

[syn. Heptapleurum arboricola Hayata]

Dwarf Umbrella Tree, Hawaiian Elf

Hammershøy (1981) describes a case of allergic sensitivity to this species and also to Brassaia actinophylla Endl.

Tetrapanax papyrifer K.Koch

[syns Aralia mairei H.Lév., Aralia papyrifera Hook., Didymopanax papyrifer K.Koch, Echinopanax papyrifer Kuntze, Fatsia papyrifera Miq. ex Witte, Panax papyrifer F.Muell.]

Chinese Rice Paper Plant

The single species in this genus is a native of South China and Formosa (Mabberley 2008), but is cultivated as an ornamental in the warmer parts of Europe and America. It was originally named Tetrapanax papyriferum.

Dorsey (1962) noted that the heavy yellow pollen produced by the Chinese rice paper plant in the fall and winter months may cause severe dermatitis.

[Further information available but not yet included in database]

References

• Allen PH (1943) Poisonous and injurious plants of Panama. American Journal of Tropical Medicine 23(1_Suppl): 3-76 [doi] [url] [url-2]
• Anon (1979) Toxic reactions to plant products sold in health food stores. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 21(7 [528; Apr 6]): 29-31
• Aplin TEH (1966) Poison plants in the garden. Journal of Agriculture of Western Australia 7(1): 23-27 [url] [url-2]
• Aplin TEH (1976) Poisonous garden plants and other plants harmful to man in Australia. Western Australian Department of Agriculture. Bulletin 3964 [url] [url-2]
• Arnold HL (1972) Personal communication to Mitchell JC. In: Mitchell J, Rook A (1979). Botanical Dermatology. Plants and plant products injurious to the skin. Vancouver: Greengrass, p. 123 [WorldCat] [url]
• Brekhman II (1968) Eleutherococc. Leningrad: Nauka Publishing House [WorldCat]
• Burry JN (1969) The value of patch testing: a review of 363 cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Medical Journal of Australia i(24): 1226-1231 [doi] [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Burry JN. Personal communication to Calnan (1981)
• Calnan CD (1981) Dermatitis from Schefflera. Contact Dermatitis 7(6): 341 [doi] [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Cheney (1887) Personal communication to White (1887)
• Cleland JB (1925) Plants, including fungi, poisonous or otherwise injurious to man in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia ii(15): 443-451 [doi] [doi-2] [url] [url-2]
• Corner EJH (1952) Wayside Trees of Malaya, 2nd edn, Vol. 1. Singapore: V.C.G. Gatrell, Government Printer [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• Dixon P (1976) Ginseng. London: Gerald Duckworth [doi] [WorldCat] [url]
• Dorsey CS (1957) Contact dermatitis from Algerian ivy. Report of two cases. AMA Archives of Dermatology 75(5): 671-675 [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Dorsey CS (1959) Algerian ivy dermatitis. A California disease. California Medicine 90(2): 155-159 [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Dorsey CS (1962) Plant dermatitis in California. California Medicine 96(6): 412-413 [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Elyakova LA, Dzizenko AK, Sova VV, Elyakov GB (1966) (−)-Sesamin and (−)-savinin obtained from Acanthopanax sessiliflorum and their NMR spectra. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 2(3): 117-119 [Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii 2(3): 149-152 (1966)] [doi] [url]
• Fisher AA (1979) Occupational, industrial, and plant symposium Part III. Dermatitis in specific occupations. Cutis 24(4): 364, 367, 370, 373-374, 376 [pmid]
• Goldman L, Preston RH, Muegel HR (1956) Dermatitis venenata from English ivy (Hedera helix). AMA Archives of Dermatology 74(3): 311-312 [doi] [url] [pmid]
• Gutteling (1922) Tijdschrift voor Inlandsche Geneeskundigen 3: 30. Cited by Touton (1932)
• Hambly EM, Wilkinson DS (1978) Sensitivity to variegated ivy (Hedera Canariensis). Contact Dermatitis 4(4): 239-240 [doi] [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Hammershøy O (1981) Allergic contact dermatitis from Schefflera. Contact Dermatitis 7(1): 57-58 [doi] [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Highman WJ (1924) The pathogenesis of dermatitis, including eczema. A case of English ivy poisoning. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology 9(3): 344-354 [doi] [url]
• Lee TY, Lam TH (1987) Allergic contact dermatitis to Yunnan Paiyao. Contact Dermatitis 17(1): 59-60 [doi] [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Lewis WH, Elvin-Lewis MPF (1977) Medical Botany. Plants affecting man's health. New York: John Wiley [WorldCat]
• Liu C-C, Cheng M-E, Peng H, Duan H-Y, Huang L (2015) Identification of four Aconitum species used as “Caowu” in herbal markets by 3D reconstruction and microstructural comparison. Microscopy Research and Technique 78(5): 425-432 [doi] [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Lopatin AI, Kolesnikova NP (1974) O porazheniiakh kozhi, vyzvannykh primeneniem zamanikhi (Echinopanax elatum Nakai). [Skin diseases caused by the use of extracts of Echinopanax elatum Nakai]. Vestnik Dermatologii i Venerologii 48(3): 83-85 [pmid]
• Lopez A, Hudson JB, Towers GHN (2001) Antiviral and antimicrobial activities of Colombian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 77(2-3): 189-196 [doi] [pmid]
• Lui JH-C, Staba EJ (1980) The ginsenosides of various ginseng plants and selected products. Journal of Natural Products 43(3): 340-346 [doi] [url] [url-2]
• Mabberley DJ (2008) Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses, 3rd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [WorldCat]
• Mahran GH, Hilal SH, El-Alfy TS (1975) The isolation and characterisation of emetine alkaloid from Hedera helix. Planta Medica 27(2): 127-132 [doi] [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Maiden JH (1909b) On some plants which cause inflammation or irritation of the skin. Part II. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 20(12): 1073-1082 [url] [url-2]
• Maiden JH (1911) Irritation of the skin by the common ivy. (Hedera helix.). Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 22(12): 1069
• Mitchell JC (1981) Allergic contact dermatitis from Hedera helix and Brassaia actinophylla (Araliaceae). Contact Dermatitis 7(3): 158-159 [doi] [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Morton JF (1958) Ornamental plants with poisonous properties. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 71: 372-380 [url] [url-2]
• Morton JF (1971) Plants Poisonous to People in Florida and Other Warm Areas. Miami, FL: Hurricane House [WorldCat]
• Muenscher WCL (1939) Poisonous Plants of the United States. New York: Macmillan Company [WorldCat] [url]
• Munro WJ (1900) A case of dermatitis venenata arising from a rare cause. Australasian Medical Gazette 19(Jan 20): 25-27
• Nadkarni AK (1976) Dr. K. M. Nadkarni's Indian Materia Medica. With ayurvedic, unani-tibbi, siddha, allopathic, homeopathic, naturopathic & home remedies, appendices & indexes, Revised enlarged and reprinted 3rd edn, Vols 1 & 2. Bombay: Popular Prakashan [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• North PM (1967) Poisonous Plants and Fungi in Colour. London: Blandford Press [WorldCat]
• Perry LM, Metzger J (1980) Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [WorldCat] [doi] [url] [url-2]
• Roed-Petersen J (1975) Allergic contact hypersensitivity to ivy (Hedera helix). Contact Dermatitis 1(1): 57 [doi] [url] [url-2]
• Rothe A (1968) Personal communication to Mitchell JC. In: Mitchell J, Rook A (1979). Botanical Dermatology. Plants and plant products injurious to the skin. Vancouver: Greengrass, p. 122 [WorldCat] [url]
• Rynes SE (1949) House ivy dermatitis. Treatment by alcoholic extract of house ivy leaves. Annals of Allergy 7(1): 62-64 [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Schorr, W. (1979). Cited by Fisher (1979)
• Sheh ML, Watson MF, Cannon JFM (2005) HYDROCOTYLE Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1:234. 1753. In: Wu Z, Raven PH, Hong D (Eds) Flora of China. Apiaceae through Ericaceae, Vol. 14, pp. 14-19. St Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden Press [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• Stuart GA (1911) Chinese Materia Medica. Vegetable Kingdom. Extensively revised from Dr. F. Porter Smith's work. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press [doi] [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• Thibierge G (1909) Eruption érythémato-ortiée à petites vésicules provoquée par le contact du lierre. [Erythematous urticarial rash with small blisters caused by contact with ivy]. Annales de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie, Quatrième Série 10(2): 112-113
• Touton K (1932) Hauterkrankungen durch phanerogamische Pflanzen und ihre Produkte (Toxicodermia et Allergodermia phytogenes) [Skin Diseases Caused by Phanerogamic Plants and their Products (Toxicodermia et Allergodermia phytogenes)]. In: Jadassohn J (Ed.) Handbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten. Band IV, Teil I. Angeborene Anomalien. Lichtdermatosen. Pflanzengifte. Thermische Schädigungen. Einfluss Innerer Störungen auf die Haut [Handbook of Skin and Venereal Diseases. Volume IV, Part I. Congenital abnormalities. Photodermatoses. Plant toxins. Thermal injuries. Influence of internal disorders on the skin], pp. 487-697. Berlin: Julius Springer [doi] [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• Turner NC, Bell MAM (1973) The ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia. Economic Botany 27(3): 257-310 [doi] [doi-2] [url] [url-2]
• Turner NJ (1979) Plants in British Columbia Indian Technology (Handbook No. 38). Victoria, Canada: British Columbia Provincial Museum [WorldCat] [url]
• Turton PHJ (1925) Poisoning by ivy. British Medical Journal ii(3372; Aug 15): 294 [url]
• Watt JM, Breyer-Brandwijk MG (1962) The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmacological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd edn. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone [doi] [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• Whiting DA (1971) Plant dermatitis in the Southern Transvaal. Suid-Afrikaanse Mediese Tydskrif ~ South African Medical Journal 45(7): 163-167 [doi] [doi-2] [url] [url-2] [pmid]
• Willis JC (1973) A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns, 8th edn. (Revised by Airy Shaw HK). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [WorldCat]
• Yook CS, Lee DH, Seo YK, Ryu KS (1977) 오갈피나무 Acanthopanax sessiliflorum의 成分研究 ( II ) [Study on the constituents of the root bark of Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seeman. (II)]. 생약학회지 ~ Saengyak Hakhoe Chi ~ Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy 8(1): 31-34 [url] [url-2]
• Zinsser F (1909) Hautreizende Wirkung von Epheu. [Skin-irritating effect of ivy]. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 56(52): 2706

[ * BoDD Home Page * ][ * Plant Families Index * ]
[ * Top of this document * ]

File format last modified: 04/2024
Content last modified: 08/2024

Copyright ©  1994–2024

0000-0002-2678-0784